Microwave characterization is the study of the behavior and properties of materials and devices at microwave frequencies. This research area involves the measurement and analysis of parameters such as scattering parameters, dielectric properties, impedance, and reflection coefficients in the microwave range. Researchers in this field use various techniques and instruments, such as vector network analyzers, antennas, waveguides, and microwave imaging systems, to understand the interactions of electromagnetic waves with different materials and structures. Microwave characterization plays a crucial role in the design and optimization of microwave components and devices, such as antennas, filters, amplifiers, and sensors, for applications in wireless communication, radar systems, and medical imaging.